Ga(III) ion is also used as a complexing metal for sonosensitizers such as porphyrins. For example, Ga-chloride or Ga-nitrate has inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth. The ability of non-radioactive Ga(III) complexes to serve as therapeutic agents in oncology also has to be mentioned. These analogues are now the most frequently applied of all of the 68Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals (Breeman et al., 2011). 68Ga-labeled analogues of octreotide (an octapeptide), such as DOTATOC, DOTANOC, and DOTA-TATE, are clinically applied in nuclear medicine. 68Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals have the potential to cover all of today’s clinical options with 99mTc, with the concordant higher resolution of positron emission tomography (PET) in comparison with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The increase in knowledge of purification and concentration of the eluate and the complex ligand chemistry has led to 68Ga-labeled pharmaceuticals with major clinical impact. These two uses for 67Ga continue to this day (Welch and Redvanly, 2003).Ī major advantage of a 68Ge/ 68Ga generator is its continuous source of 68Ga, independently from an on-site cyclotron. The carrier-free nuclide was found, unexpectedly, to localize in certain soft tissue tumors, and a few years later in inflammatory processes. In the early 1970s, 67Ga reemerged, as its characteristics better matched with the newly developed instrument, the γ-camera, and the lower amount of carrier gallium that was added to obtain bone localization. The introduction of a 68Ge/ 68Ga generator, in the early 1960s, rekindled interest in radiogallium for bone tumor localization. However, the imaging equipment at that time were not sophisticated enough to produce a good-quality clinical study with this radioisotope therefore, the development in this field was not so pronounced. In contrast, 67Ga with a longer T 1/2 (78 h) could easily be made with no carrier added (i.e., this isotope can be isolated from cyclotron without any carrier atom). After extending this theory, 67Ga was concluded as a better radioisotope, as 72Ga has a short half-life (T 1/2, 14 h) and was only available with a low specific activity. In the late 1940s, 72Ga was localized in bones and was suggested to be potentially useful for treating bone tumors. Gallium has several medically useful radionuclides that have made extensive contribution in both the diagnosis and therapy of diseases. These disorders can be broadly categorized as (i) accelerated bone resorption, with or without elevated plasma calcium (ii) autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection (iii) certain cancers and (iv) infectious diseases (Lessa et al., 2012). Gallium has shown efficacy in the treatment of several apparently diverse disorders. In oncology and nuclear medicine, gallium and its compounds have been applied for imaging as well as therapy, and their importance in this field is still growing. The pharmaceuticals can also be divided according to the target site of a drug, i.e., those having an impact on soft tissue (most of the drugs) and hard tissue (bones and bone metastasis). Gallium pharmaceuticals can be divided into two groups according to radioactivity, i.e., radiopharmaceuticals – using radioactive Ga(III) isotopes, and conventional pharmaceuticals – using non-radioactive Ga(III) ion. A huge variety of monofunctional and bifunctional chelators have been developed that allow the formation of stable 68Ga(III) complexes and convenient coupling to biomolecules such as amino acids, peptides, nanoparticles, or even whole cells. There are several medically useful gallium radionuclides that have made extensive contribution in both the diagnosis and therapy of diseases. Elemental gallium is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption that acts to maintain or restore bone mass. Gallium has long been known to concentrate in skeletal tissue, particularly regions of bone deposition and remodeling. You can also find here some recent knowledge about 68Ge/ 68Ga radionuclide generator modern automated synthesis modules. Trending Questions What force did Wegner believe caused continental drift? Is a cherry blossom a gymnosperms? What can you use to reattach a toenail to the bed? What is the method of inquiry adopted by critical rationalists? A lipid bilayer is characteristic of all membranes? What are big bang member favorite color? Is 5 years for a volcanic eruption that could change Earth's surface is slow or a fast change? Does passive transport use a protein doorway? 29.An overview of the most important gallium compounds in nuclear medicine and oncology in the two last decades, with an emphasis on the last decade (especially the last 5 years), is given in this review.
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